Over several decades, a combination of historical, economic, and political factors have influenced the multifaceted phenomenon of Vietnamese return migration from Cambodia. This article examines the return migration of Vietnamese from a historical perspective with document and contextual analysis, revealing a broader picture of the socio-economic and political dynamics in Cambodia and the historical relationship between Cambodia and Vietnam. Before the 1990s, return migration was significantly influenced by colonial-era migration policies and pervasive anti-Vietnamese sentiments. These factors led to violent repression and forced evictions under regimes such as Lon Nol and the Khmer Rouge, profoundly impacting the Vietnamese community in Cambodia. In contrast, administrative governance and economic factors have become the key determinants of Vietnamese return migration in the contemporary period. Understanding the underlying causes and mechanisms that create the situation for Vietnamese in Cambodia and their return is crucial, serving as a basis for addressing their current challenges and promoting their social integration in both countries.

Nigeria and developing countries are suffering from infectious diseases due to a mixture of determinants. Parable, rotavirus is a major concern that causes a lot of deaths and hospitalization among children under five of age. Therefore, it is imperative to have more understanding of the rotavirus. A literature review to form concepts were made under the following headings: Historical background of the Rotaviruses, General Characteristics of Rotaviruses, Classification of Rotaviruses, Structure of Rotavirus particle, Rotavirus protein, Non- structural proteins, Structure of Rotavirus genome, Genetic reassortment of Rotaviruses, Mechanisms of Rotavirus genetic diversity, Rotavirus infection, Rotavirus replication, Transmission of Rotaviruses, Incubation period of Rotaviruses, Pathogenesis of Rotavirus infection, Signs and symptoms of Rotavirus infection, Immunity to Rotaviruses, Laboratory diagnosis of Rotaviruses, Epidemiology of Rotaviruses, Treatment of rotavirus infection, Antiviral therapy, Other Therapies, Management of Rotavirus infection, Prevention of Rotavirus infections, General Preventive Measures, Hospital Infection Control Measures. This information would invariably help in gaining understanding the basics of Rotavirus that causes diarrhea in children.

Almajiri are students’ in an ancient Islamic system of teaching. This paper assesses food security, personal hygiene, living condition, and violence in Almajiri. Survey using questionnaire and analysed descriptive statistics, and x2 at p < 0.05 were used. Most schools were donated (66.7%), and minority (33.3%) were self-owned. Schools were built by zinc (33.3%), mud (33.3%), and modern (33.3%). There are urinals in all the schools (100.0%), overcrowding (100.0%), 66.7% have windows and doors, (33.3%) have no windows and doors. 66.% of the schools have mats for sitting, 33.3% have chairs. Risks found are: open defecation (33.3%), and nearby water (66.7%). Majority of students stay for 4 months before returning home (66.7%), and significant portion of them return after graduation (33.3%). Pertaining personal hygiene 66.7% of the students’ wear shoes, 33.3% didn’t wear; 66.7% have cleaned clothes, 33.3% dirty clothes, there was no water at (66.7%) of the schools, 33.3% have water. 66.7% wash hands after toilet, none wash hands before eating. On food security for Almajiri, 66.7% eat once, 33.3% eat twice. They eat Tuwo (33.3%) Gari, Tuwo (33.3%), and unspecified food (33.3%); source of food includes begging (33.3%), external labor (33.3%), and home (33.3%). Types of violence encountered are: weapon use (33.3%), fight (33.3%), and flogging (33.3%). Majority (66.7%) like western education, and (33.3%) replied no. All students are feeling their condition psychologically; some are at SS1 (33.3%), JSSI (33.3%), and (33.3%) never attend western school. Poor health determinants exist in Almajiri students in Sokoto.